The Execution Of A New Strategy - 1377 Words

Execution of a new strategy is always a taxing task. It necessitates the possession of significant resources, and also a well designed and engaged administrative composition. Good policy will designate a specific person who or entity who is accountable for implementing the new policy. At the outset of the execution of a new policy, a group should be identified that can oversee the new strategy in all pertinent sectors of the organization to assure various efforts within management are synchronized. In Jordan, an expansion synchronization team was set up in the governmental bureau that collected information from each of the government directorates within the kingdom s Education Ministry to oversee the implementation of diverse programs connected to the education transformation that included the ICT Plan that the government wished to develop (Ministry of Economics, 2008). In Singapore, the Educational Technology Division teamed up with divisions within the government s education ministry in such activities as curriculum preparation, development and training of teachers in ICT and the execution of their long-range and short-range plans. In addition, the Ministry of Education worked closely with the government agencies that are held responsible for the national ICT grid and for increasing an aggressive ICT industry in Singapore (Coppock, Smith Howell, 2007). Maintain a collaborative attitude Collaboration between the various government departments that oversee educationShow MoreRelatedWhat ´s Organizational Culture Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the business to flourish in the business. Corporate culture assumes a critical part in the execution of strategy in regular operations of the business. The meshed beliefs, shared qualities, principals of business and traditions which were integrated into style of working, conduct standards, work environment, imbued mentality characterized the corporate culture. For the productive strategy execution and accomplishment for the long run relies on upon the corporate culture. The strategic featuresRead MoreVolkswagen Do Brasil Harvard Business Case1272 Words   |  6 PagesExam - Executing Strategy Volkswagen do Brasil: Drving Strategy with the Balanced Scorecard Name: Roy Stoop Student number: 5877431 MSc Business Studies/Business Administration – Marketing Track University of Amsterdam (UvA) Date of submission: 23-10-2014 Case questions 1. What challenges does Thomas Schmall face upon becoming CEO of Volkswagen do Brasil (VWB)? 2. Describe VWBs new strategy and comment on it in terms of quality of strategic thinking. 3. Does the strategy map (Exhibit 4) andRead MoreStrategic Business Analysis Paper : Mara 4661633 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Analysis Paper Why Strategy Execution Unravels – and What to Do About It There has been a large amount of research into what strategy is, since Michael Porter’s perennial work in the 1980s. Studies done on the execution of strategy have been far less numerous. However, there is one major understanding about the execution of strategy. The execution of strategy is a vital part of success in business. A summary of many myths surrounding various strategic executions will be outlined, along withRead MoreEssay on The Secrets to Successful Strategy Execution798 Words   |  4 PagesThe Secrets to Successful Strategy Execution According to the article, The Secrets to Successful Strategy Execution, there are four building blocks to successful strategy execution. The blocks are: 1. Clarifying decision rights (setting expectations) 2. Designing information flows (making sure people are on the same page, have the right information to do their jobs) 3. Aligning motivators (recognition and rewards consistent with attitudes, behaviours) 4. Making changes to organisationalRead MoreSupply Chain Strategy1196 Words   |  5 Pageschain strategy is a plan with goals and objectives. It is about using all of the elements involved in the sourcing and procurement of goods and services to produce better results for the company. Typically, strategy is aimed at achieving objectives such as pushing a new product development faster, improving the use of current technologies, bringing products and services to market faster, minimizing resource investment, and reducing specific costs and response/cycle times. Supply chain strategy is oftenRead MoreWhat ´s Corporate Culture Essay505 Words   |  3 Pagesconstructive or unconstructive effects on strategy implementation. 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The action research is based on the presumption that while stakeholders in organizations possess practical knowledgeRead MoreSolving The Low Performance Problem Caused By The Un Balanced Workloads Of Parallel Database Systems1478 Words   |  6 PagesI. INTRODUCTION In this article, the authors proposed to use a new technique – â€Å"resource bricolage† to solve the low performance problem caused by the un-balanced workloads in parallel database systems. When a parallel database system is first constructed, the set of machines are made identical, therefore, the default data partitioning strategy for this parallel database is uniform data partitioning, and will ignore the differences among machines. In this case, all these identical machines will haveRead MoreChallenges of Strategy Implementation1316 Words   |  6 PagesCHALLENGES OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION Potential Challenges of Strategy Implementation Strategy implementation starts with a series of brainstorming sessions. 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The Effects of Steroids on the Human Body and Steroid...

The Effects of Steroids on the Human Body and Steroid Abuse by Athletes For many years, the use and abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids have been linked closely to athletes. Steroids come in different forms. They can be taken in pill form or injected straight into the user’s muscles by a needle. There are many sports that are associated with steroid abuse like weightlifting, basketball, and track and field. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic forms of male sex hormones, like testosterone. They speed up the growth and development process of muscles in the body. Steroids were originally developed around the 1930s in order to treat hypogonadism, which is a disease that prevents the male testes to not produce†¦show more content†¦The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has written a list of banned drugs that all athletes are not allowed to use to enhance their performance. The list includes steroids that can be taken orally or steroids that can be injected by a needl e into the abuser’s muscle. There have been thousands of athletes that have been banned from the respective sports because of doping (using steroids) while training and/or participating. Several doping scandals in the athletic world have unfortunately come up in the past. One example would be the steroid scandal of Marion Jones. She had won the 100 meter dash, 200 meter dash, and the 4x1 meter relay in the Sydney Olympics. Around 2005, there was an investigation to see whether she was doping or not. Marion denied ever using steroids before or during the Summer Olympics. But in 2007, she admitted in court that she lied to the investigators and two grand juries saying she had in fact used steroids during the Summer Olympics. Because of this confession, she was sentenced to six months in 2008 prison for lying to the prosecutors who were investigating her case. In an interview with Oprah, Marion Jones admitted that she most likely could have won in the Sydney Olympics without the use of steroids. Honestly, if she was confident enough to know that she was going to win without doping, what was the point of taking steroids in the first place? It makes me sad to hear that there are hundreds of thousands ofShow MoreRelatedAnabolic Steroids : Use And Performance Enhancing Drugs1516 Words   |  7 Pages The Debate over Anabolic Steroids The use of performance enhancing drugs like anabolic steroids has been a debatable topic in the United States as early as the 1950’s. Former U. S. Representative Howard Berman expresses that â€Å"Steroids can seem necessary to compete at the highest level, and the quick rewards may seem to outweigh the long term consequences to users.† The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) states that countless athletes, both young and old, face life threatening illnesses dueRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drug Abuse1511 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance enhancing drug abuse is a growing problem in adolescents and athletes. According to the Partnership for Drug – Free Kids, more than five percent of teens use performance enhancing drugs, or steroids increase muscle. Performance enhancing drug abuse creates addiction, the mental tension and pressure that coaches and peers bring to inferior athletes this draws teens and athletes to engage in these products, further encouragi ng teens to partake in the use of performance enhancing drugs,Read MoreAnabolic Steroids Have On The Body1637 Words   |  7 Pagesandrogenic steroids are a synthetic version of testosterone which one injects into the body. There are many different types of steroids however the most commonly abused are stimulants, HGH (Human Growth Hormone), diuretics, and testosterone. Although the body naturally produces testosterone many athletes, especially bodybuilders, take steroids to increase lean muscle mass, strength, and performance. Anabolic androgenic steroids are a controversial topic within sports. The main concern with steroids areRead MoreSelf Esteem And Body Image Problems1491 Words   |  6 PagesLow self-esteem and body image problems are too much to handle alone for some teens. A few may become depressed and lose interest in activities or friends. Some go on to develop eating disorders or body image disorders, or use alcohol or drugs to escape feelings of low worth. It can be tempting to compare ourselves with others. The trouble with that is, not everyone grows or develops at the same time or in the same way. Media images and other outside influences can affect ones psyche. Some parentsRead MoreAnabolic Steroids Should Be Banned844 Words   |  4 PagesAnabolic Steroids are used to decrease inflammation and reducing the activity of the immune system. Steroid drugs are a class of synthetic compounds that act to mimic hormones that occur naturally within the human body. There are three types of steroids anabolic, androgenic and corticosteroids. Androgenic steroids and corticosteroids are used to treat many medical conditions. Anabolic steroids can also be used to treat medical conditions but those are also the kind that are often abused by some athletesRead MoreThe Use of Steroids in Professional Sports Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe Use of Steroids in Professional Sports They’re among the world’s most controversial drugs. Not Heroin, Ganja, Coke or Crystal Meth, but Anabolic Steroids. Steroids are medical treatments that come in two varieties: Anabolic Steroids and Corticosteroids. These are both synthetic versions of hormones produced naturally in the body but they perform two completely different tasks. Corticosteroids are used by doctors to decrease inflammation. Anabolic Steroids are the familiar term for the syntheticRead MoreA Brief Note On The Aids And Its Effects On The Body1534 Words   |  7 PagesErgogenic aids are any foreign products taken by athletes to enhance their physical performance or endurance during physical exercise. Ergogenic aids are formulated to positively alter the physiological process in the body thus offering an advantage edge to the user. These aids may include drugs that enhance performance or even supplements formulated for sporting athletes and are divided into three categories including mental, physi ological and mechanical factors (Liddle, 2013). Mechanical factorsRead More The History of Steroids: The Legal and Illegal Usage of Steroids1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of steroid by athletes has been a controversial issue for some time. One can argue that the usage is totally wrong and it is against the morals and the rules of the games. Although steroids boost up the process of muscle building and endurance, it also has complications in the long run. Those that cheat their way by using and or abusing such chemicals can have serious health defects. A real athlete should work his/her way with hard work and the correct training to build that endurance andRead MoreSteroids : A Lifestyle Of Cheating1639 Words   |  7 Pagesclear, beans and hype (Steroids and their). All of these words are slang for the illegal substance known more commonly as anabolic steroids and HGH, or human growth hormone. The controversy surrounding anabolic steroids and HGH in sports has stormed to the forefront of the many problems that plague America today. Anabolic steroids are synthetic chemicals that mimic the effects of the male sex hormone testosterone. Steroids promote increased muscle gain and muscle mass. Steroids are also highly addictiveRead MoreShould Athletes Use Performance Enhancing Drugs?935 Words   |  4 Pageswin and everyone loves a winner. Athletes are a competitive group and if you are good enough to get into professional sports, you can achieve fame and fortune would you cheat to accomplish? This is the question that many athletes have to answer? What do I mean by cheating? I mean the use of performance enhancing drugs. How many records were made and broken by athletes that used these enhancements. â€Å"According to Marvin Olasky â€Å"Baseball needs to put the steroids era behind if by having and enforcing

Victoria Mental Health Reforms

Question: Write about theVictoria Mental Health Reforms. Answer: Introduction Mental health issues continue to affect the progress of many nations across the globe. According to statistical research, many people in the current era are mentally sick due to the lifestyles they cherry pick. Dynamics such as the over usage of drugs and alcohol has played a crucial role in elevating the issue to a certain peak. Due to this, the government of Australia in conjunction with state governments have embraced divergent counter attack measures to ensure that the wellbeing of the masses is uplifted irrespective of the challenges that they face in their daily endeavors. Victoria which is located in the southeast section of Australia is recorded as the most populated state. It is essential to note that the state government of Victoria deserves the praise directed upon it due to the health reforms that have been witnessed in the last few years. However, in as much as the government strives to ensure that the level or rather quality of services is streamlined in all the health platforms, the mental health reforms in Victoria have been outstanding (McGorry, et al. 2016). Palpably, many people in the entire nation are bound to benefit from similar reforms that are implemented to boost the health sector not only in Victoria but in the entire region. This essay assesses the reforms through a bid of divulging the primary differences and similarities that cling in the much scrutinized mental health reforms in Victoria. Victorias Mental Health Sector Overview Australia can brag to have some of the most equipped and developed medical service institutions as compared to many other nations across the globe. The masses in Australia are mobilized to get medical coverage through policies that are effective and beneficial to the majority living within the nation (Badland et al., 2014). The heavy population in Victoria has been a driving force which has propelled the government to make alterations that merge with the expectations of the people dwelling in this state. Based from their experts finding, many mental health victims have been suffering due to social discrimination and the existence of insufficient rules that protect them against the common milestones that people with disability face in the contemporary epoch (Patel et al., 2014). Nonetheless, the new reforms come as good news because the previous efforts had not be full-filling most of the notifiable problems. The core purpose of these reforms is to ensure that most people in Victoria are healthy and free from factors that drag their efficacy in building the state (Willis Keleher, 2016). As mentioned early, these reforms range from dogmas that stabilizes the use of harmful drug substances to those that empower the people to support the mentally ill victims in Victoria. Just to mention, the significance of mobilizing the people to support the sick patients reveals the direction that the state government has been willing to embrace through the entire program. This is mainly due to the fact that the new changes directly require the intervention and support of those who are mentally stable in the society. For instance, the government pin pointed that it is through the assistance of other people that the medical experts can get the correct information concerning the historical backgrounds of most of the mentally ill patients (Lewis Garton, 2017). Consequently, encouraging people from divergen t locations to contribute in the formation and implementation of legit reforms has boosted the plan magnificently. The Strategic Priorities of the Reforms and the Differences The first priority of the reforms is to alter the legislation program of the mental health management. At this point, the government yearns to ensure that the legislation of all the major health care transactions are effective enough for the people of Victoria. Therefore, more experts have been deployed in the field to carry out more research works molded to fetch more affirmative results to the plan. Additionally, the government has increased the medical budget to facilitate all the proposed management changes. It is worth mentioning that financial milestones have tainted a number of health reforms in many developing nations. However, the support that the state government of Victoria has been getting from the federal government and other non-governmental organizations has been vital in hoisting their operations. This has been different in the past couples of years whereby; the citizens had been complaining of negligence from the agents of the government (Lal Adair, 2014). Furthermo re, funds that were initially mismanaged are today traced and all the involved stakeholders and managers in diverse setups are expected to deliver positive results at all times. Additionally, the reforms are shaped to improve the mental health services offered to the populaces. This has been partially achieved in most mental health hospital in Victoria. It can be asserted that the strict employment procedure which has been implemented has played a vital part under this point. This concept is concreted because the nurses and physician who are currently preferred are those who possess the recommended credentials and those who have undergone through all the required training programs (Hercelinskyj, 2014). This exposes a major difference between the present reforms and the past situation. In past, most efforts were directed towards reforming other medication sectors. Many students were lured to specialize on other healthcare programs that were prioritized in the nation. On the other hand, the new reforms in the mental health platform have been fundamental in shading light on the importance of supporting experts under this wide field of study. The reforms also support community based programs that elevate mass awareness within the state. This concept can be supported through the measures that have been influential in enticing the people to support the medical operations of the government. For example, the people are allowed to participate openly in the reformation of different reformation programs. Through the cohesion amongst the people of Victoria, the government and medical experts are able to enlighten the people on how they can maintain positive lifestyles, and also, on how they can protect their mental health (Happell et al., 2015). Before this, there was a vivid gap between both the people and the government and the healthy masses and the mentally affected victims. Currently, the medical experts value the interests and pleas of the citizens in line with other issues that create the much desired unity amongst people living in similar geographical locations (Barry, 2014). Another reform revolves around the stabilization of strategies that build better working environments and those that link up diverse services to uplift the mental health sector. According to McSherry Wilson (2015), the past negative experiences of medical experts can be proclaimed to have affected the working panache of many physicians. Thus, the alterations which have be made have been extremely helpful. The employee compensation measures are today improved. An in-depth evaluation reveals that protecting the rights of workers in Victoria has been vital throughout their missions. Similarities The recorded incline in mental health research works depicts a major similarity between the past situation and the present. The federal government continues to support the work of medical researchers regardless of the political and economic problems that they face (Giacco et al., 2017). The state government of Victoria has also revealed some sparks of commitment towards improving the mental health situation in the nation. The involvement of key stakeholders in the entire process is a similarity that cannot be sidelined. For instance, both the state government and the national government have strived to protect their relationship with other non-governmental agencies (Gooding, 2016). This approach is imperative because the rights of both the healthy people and the sick victims are protected by many of these organizations. Conclusion In summary, the efforts of the state government of Victoria expose the importance of electing good leaders who can push for positive reformations in a country. The mentally ill victims across the globe continue to undergo different forms of challenges in their lives. Therefore, the government setups of many nations ought to consider aping similar policies that protect the rights of the people in line with their medical interests and milestones. Evidently, the development of a notion directly relies on the contribution of the people, albeit, the positive approaches are being neglected (Tengland, 2013). With this in mind, any scholar can assert that Victoria is in the right direction based from the issues that divulge the bright future of the state. There is no doubt the mentally ill patients will benefit from these reforms if the cohesion between the masses and the government is maintained over the coming years. References Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., Giles-Corti, B. (2014). Urban liveability: emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health. Social science medicine, 111, 64-73. Barry, C. L. (2014). Stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy: public views about drug addiction and mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 65(10), 1269-1272. Giacco, D., Amering, M., Bird, V., Craig, T., Ducci, G., Gallinat, J., Jovanovic, N. (2017). Scenarios for the future of mental health care: a social perspective. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(3), 257-260. Gooding, P. (2016). From deinstitutionalisation to consumer empowerment: mental health policy, neoliberal restructuring and the closure of the Big bins in Victoria. Health Sociology Review, 25(1), 33-47. Happell, B., Platania-Phung, C., Webster, S., McKenna, B., Millar, F., Stanton, R., Scott, D. (2015). Applying the World Health Organization Mental Health Action Plan to evaluate policy on addressing co-occurrence of physical and mental illnesses in Australia. Australian Health Review, 39(4), 370-378. Hercelinskyj, G. (2014). Perceptions from the front line: Professional identity in mental health nursing. International journal of mental health nursing, 23(1), 24-32. Lal, S., Adair, C. E. (2014). E-mental health: a rapid review of the literature. Psychiatric Services, 65(1), 24-32. Le Boutillier, C., Chevalier, A., Lawrence, V., Leamy, M., Bird, V. J., Macpherson, R., Slade, M. (2015). Staff understanding of recovery-orientated mental health practice: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Implementation Science, 10(1), 87. Lewis, M., Garton, S. (2017). Mental Health in Australia, 17882015: A History of Responses to Cultural and Social Challenges. In Mental Health in Asia and the Pacific (pp. 289-313). Springer US. McSherry, B., Wilson, K. (2015). The concept of capacity in Australian mental health law reform: Going in the wrong direction?. International journal of law and psychiatry, 40, 60-69. McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2016). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s30-s35. Patel, V., In Minas, I. H., In Cohen, A., In Prince, M. (2014). Global mental health: Principles and practice. Sydney: Elsevier Health Sciences. Tengland, P. A. (2013). Mental Health: A Philosophical Analysis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Willis, E., Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016). Understanding the Australian health care system. Sydney: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Performance Appraisal as a Tool for Achieving Organizational and Employee Development

Overview of RMRDC The Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) promotes the development of industrial raw materials in the Republic of Nigeria. It also oversees the utilisation of the same minerals, while its activities are considered part of the Nigerian government on a federal level.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Performance Appraisal as a Tool for Achieving Organizational and Employee Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organisation started in 1988 and has grown to become an essential institution that supports federal service. It serves many stakeholders who are involved in the country’s vast raw material sector. The organisation began when the country had limited foreign exchange earnings. At the time, Nigeria relied on petroleum products. With the functioning RMRDC, the country can lower its import bill by focusing on domestic raw material production, rather than rely o n imports (RMRDC, 2015). Background of the study This study will focus on the subject of performance appraisal. According to Armstrong (1998), researchers mainly concentrate on accuracy and fairness whenever they are conducting performance appraisal studies. This is a subject under Human Resource Management (HRM), and it refers to the use of tools and frameworks to enhance the productivity of human capital within organisations. When organisations measure their performance, they gain insights into their operations and can, therefore, address emerging issues related to performance. This can be in the actual sense of speed of delivery or the impediments to delivery. Being able to identify these areas allows the organisation to respond appropriately to avoid trouble and build on its past and ongoing successes. As a result, the use of performance appraisals can be a way of achieving competitive advantages.  Employees can offer their viewpoints on different aspects of their jobs with th e systematic evaluation and its related adjustments. They use the process to improve their performance and get a basis for earning rewards. This reason makes the performance appraisal concept crucial as an HRM tool and highlights its ability to help realise capabilities of an organisation’s human resources.  Although performance appraisal increases employee productivity, much is unknown about its effects on financial performance.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Pollitt and Bouckaert (2011), there is no research evidence available for the link. Nevertheless, the consensus among researchers and practitioners is that the process should be continuous and involve supervisors who regularly evaluate their approach to measuring the performance of subordinate employees. The benefits of appraisal include an increase in efficacy, productivity, and morale. Many organisations exist as hierarchical structures. Such organisations require structured performance appraisals so that they can tell what each department in different levels is doing and why the problems that arise at any level fail to be resolved. With the information, the organisation can streamline its decision-making processes and achieve a better execution of strategic choices. It also moves away from the chaos that can plague its administrative hierarchy (DeVries, 1983).  The definition of performance appraisal follows its tie to human resources, which is regarded as a source of competitive advantage for organisations (Farndale Kelliher, 2013). It can be a review, evaluation, or discussion about the development of employees in relation to the present standards. After examination, result documentation of the comparison occurs and the information serves as a guideline for intervening in employee relationships concerning their jobs and the realisation of an organisation’s objectives (Farndale Kelliher, 2013). The employment of performance appraisal leads to the identification of staff members needing training, promotion, demotion, retrenchment, firing, or recognition, among other eventualities within the mandate of human resource departments (Farndale Kelliher, 2013). Aim This study aims to look at performance appraisal in the context of an organisation’s determination to achieve employee development. Therefore, the study is going to focus on the Raw Materials Research and Development Council of Nigeria. In doing so, it will specifically concentrate on how subordinate employees within the organisation perceive the existing performance appraisal methods used by the organisation. It will also examine the outcome of the evaluation of management staffs and the subordinate staffs. Lastly, the research will consider the strengths and weaknesses of the performance appraisal program at RMRDC in seeking to find out areas that can be improved or intr oduced. Objectives To determine the perception of subordinate employees on performance appraisal program at RMRDC To examine the strengths and weaknesses of performance appraisal program used by RMRDC To examine the goal and outcome of performance appraisal in RMRDC on the subordinate employee level and management employee level To identify gaps in the efficacy of the current performance appraisal program in structure and purpose regarding best practices and organisational context. Justification of the research The research will be useful in the Nigerian organisations’ context because of the following contributions.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Performance Appraisal as a Tool for Achieving Organizational and Employee Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will enhance the view of performance appraisal and lead to its appreciation as a productivity tool for firms. It will result in the pr oper structuring of performance appraisals after highlighting the strengths and limitations of the current structure at RMRDC. The study will provide organisational insight that practitioners can readily apply to their respective institutions to realise the additional potential of their human resources. It will lead to the identification of the role and relevance of different stakeholders in a government agency, such as RMRDC It will highlight the benefits of performance appraisal from an empirical context. Purpose of the research The basis of this research is to understand the impact of performance appraisal program/s at RMRDC on the council’s staff. It will result in is a significant contribution of information that is integral in decision-making by stakeholders for the improvement of the program/s or process of performance appraisal. Evaluation of the Relevant Literature Performance management links corporate objectives, performance standards, and evaluation in one proces s, which is used by managers to serve the following three roles in an organisation. First, it assists in the administration, development, and communication functions of any entity (Beam, 2008). In its administrative role, it captures staffing, compensation, promotion, and punishment or rewards for members of the organisation to ensure that the human resource functions optimally. In its development role, it identifies and builds potential for future performance. It gives an organisation a capability that it can tap on when conditions are favourable. In its communication role, performance management seeks to offer feedback to employees concerning how they are executing their duties. According to Brown (2008), records of performance appraisals help employees to fight against wrongful dismissal.  The development of appraisal instruments so that the measurement of human effort is objective and accurate is an important research issue under performance appraisal (Cash, 2010). At the same time, Glaveli and Karassavidou (2011) noted that research tends to focus on supervisors and employee characteristics, thereby highlighting their bias on performance appraisal ratings. Lastly, research on the subject has also concentrated on the process as it is executed within organisations (Sinclair, 2005). Techniques of appraisal for management purposes can be observational or actual measurements. Organisations use ratings in their simple applications, and behaviour anchor scales in complex applications. This follows the theoretical assumptions of motivation. According to Watkins (2011), problems with performance appraisals relate to the lack of focus, poor training, inefficient communication, and biased criteria. A number of motivational theories can help explain performance appraisals. They include the Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory and the Herzberg’s two-factor theory because of their elaborate description and fit in organisational contexts (Watkins 2011). Accor ding to Watkins (2011), other relevant theories in performance appraisal include the expectancy theory, goal-setting theory, and the McClelland’s needs achievement theory.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goal setting theory helps to explain better how employees operate in the work environment. It also offers insights on how to influence employee performance. It relates to the direction of employee attention. The theory encourages effort and provides avenues for encouraging persistence. Managers can use the theory to foster goal attainment and following of strategic action plans. The theory is relevant because every performance appraisal starts with a goal. The concept of performance appraisal management became famous in the mid-1980s, and Barry (2007) coined it. Since then, researchers have explored it further. Armstrong (2011) considers it a strategic and integrated approach. It offers sustained success of the organisation. This happens through the improvement of performance appraisal for people and the creation of capability teams and individual contributors (Armstrong, 2011).  Therefore, performance appraisal is strategic, systematic, and holistic. It concerns the broader i ssues facing an organisation, as much as it is detailed on specific individual performance. Based on the research by Bach (2004), performance appraisal relates to behaviour and results. Behaviour comes from a performer. It transforms performance appraisal into action. Behaviour is an instrument for the result, and it is an outcome of mental and physical efforts. However, this is only as long as the mental and physical efforts go to a specified task. Therefore, behaviour can be judged independently or as part of a task. In the end, performance appraisal is reactive. Theoretical framework Scholars have examined individual employee performance for many years. Nowadays, researchers and practitioners agree that employees play an important part in a firm’s competitive advantage realisation. Rao (2011) sees that competitive advantages, in this case, arise in the presence of four conditions. Based on the resource-based theory of the firm, the researcher notes that the conditions are addition of value to a company, rarity of skills or advantages gained, difficulty in imitating human capital investments, and the ability to structure and program jobs so that employees work as desired. These conditions were also supported by research by Waldman (2011) and Barry (2007) concerning difficulties in other firms replicating another firm’s strategy. Based on the above citations, it is clear that the behaviour of employees in a firm affects the performance of the particular company. Therefore, performance appraisal will result in changes in organisational performance because it affects employee performance. It can affect motivation and skills of staffs positively. The associated return on investment due to increased performance and growth should result in better financial performance. Based on the understanding, it is possible to use these effects as dependent variables. Review of empirical studies Studies show that individuals’ attitudes and feelings about t heir work affect their behaviour at work and their attitude towards work practices, such as performance appraisals that human resource departments use (Chang Chen, 2011). According to Waldman (2011), age, tenure, and job experience predict the results of an employee’s appraisal.   On the other hand, Sinclair (2005) considered age, tenure, salary, and education, and performance appraisal as having a negative relationship. Other studies that look at the relationship between job attitudes and behavioural aspects are Downs and Swailes (2013) – a capability approach to organisational talent management, Dimba (2010) – on strategic human resource practices and how they affect employee performance, and Farndale and Kelliher (2013) with a study on the exploration of performance appraisal on the implementation of performance appraisal. The three studies support the findings by Sinclair (1995). They record relationships between job attitudes and behavioural aspects that can lead to, interfere, promote, and arise from the individual performance evaluation.  The findings can be inconclusive and mixed. Meier (2005) indicated that the direction of the relationship between organisational commitment and other variables was conditional and relied on the types of commitment. On the other hand, a significant, positive relationship happened when there were affective commitment and performance appraisal. A negative relationship existed between continual engagement and performance appraisal, which was an illustration of the inconclusiveness of the present research and highlighted the need for additional studies on the same. According to Esu (2009), demographic factors and job attitudes like job satisfaction and commitment to a particular organisation are important because they are associated with positive results in an organisation. They lead to increased effectiveness and efficiency in the organisation. At the same time, Waldman (2007) indicates that diver sity in individual characteristics has the potential to affect decision-making for performance appraisal. Research Philosophy Research philosophy relates to the development of research background, research knowledge, and nature, with research philosophy being a broad framework that comprises of perception, beliefs, understanding of theories, and research practices. Therefore, research philosophy acts as a precise process encompassing the steps that the researcher will undertake to create a relationship between the objectives and questions that the research seeks to answer (Galliers, 1991). Philosophical and Methodological Considerations This research will use a mixed method approach, where there will be primary and secondary sources of data. In the main research part, data collection will take place using questionnaires as the instruments. The questionnaires will be delivered to RMRDC staffs chosen to participate in the research. Therefore, RMRDC will be the case study organisation. The study is going to include two interviews with two directors of the Council. The study timeline will cover the questionnaire survey first, before proceeding to the interviews with the directors. The expectation is that out of 30 questionnaires, at least 20 will be filled accurately and completely to aid in the analysis part of the study. The figure below elaborates the study process. Figure 1: Research onion showing the process of study (Saunders, 2009). The following section provides definitions and elaborations of the different concepts that inform the methodology of the proposed research. Data Collection Data collection relates to the act of getting information about a particular research question to inform decisions and analysis that seek to answer a research question. This study will use surveys and interviews among the available data collection methods. The survey uses questionnaires as an instrument for collecting data. With questionnaires, respondents get forms that hav e specified questions that they have to answer. Questions will be both structured and unstructured. Structured questions require a particular response, while the other questions provide freedom for the individual to answer. The research will try to interpret the responses based on the study criteria. Interviews differ from questionnaires in the way they are conducted. Interviews could embrace structured answers or unstructured questions, depending on the needs of the study. In this case, both will suffice. Usually the researcher and the interviewee meet physically or virtually. Cross-sectional Study Cross-sectional studies are specially constructed explorations into a research question. The study collects data for a defined population. Cross-sectional studies happen once or for a short time. The aim of a cross-sectional study is to estimate the existence of a hypothesis in a given population. The researcher surveys information from a set of literature as a way of doing it as a secon dary research. The literature sample will be selected using keywords, the focus of the studies consulted, and the time of research or any other relevant criteria. In this case, the keywords will be performance appraisal and human resource management. The focus will be on the keywords and public organisations, while the time will be the last decade. The findings will then be summarised to give a description of the secondary data. Case Study A case study is an in-depth investigation into an event or organisation. Data is gathered from different sources. A case study relies on several methods of research. Therefore, a case study is a research that includes all or any other research methods, such as surveys. It can be a cross-sectional study too, given that this research will be based on RMRDC. A case study allows the researcher to investigate a topic in a detailed way that would be impossible when there are so many participants and too many variables. In this regard, a case study is on ly an approach, but it is not a research method. It uses typical research methods highlighted above (Bryman Bell, 2011). Multi Methods As the name suggests, multi-method research relates to the inclusion of two or more methods of research in one study. It mixes qualitative and quantitative data, methods and methodologies, or paradigms to arrive at a comprehensive finding that would be impossible or shoddily done with only one method or research tool. It can be simply the inclusion of different standpoints, and may use many methods and standpoints (Bryman Bell, 2011). Inductive Research The inductive research follows the inductive reasoning, where the intention is to provide significant evidence for a conclusion. Thus, the study provides evidence to support a conclusion, which makes the conclusion probable pending further research that can confirm or deny it. The evidence presented in the study will support a conclusion about performance appraisal and its application at RMRDC (Brym an Bell, 2011). Positivist Learning Positivist learning concerns the collection of information that is observable and classifiable. It leaves out internal meanings, motives, and feelings or emotions of individuals, and only concentrates on the explainable and observable facts. Therefore, positivist learning relies on statistical data to facilitate learning. In positivist learning, correlations of different variables matter (Bryman Bell, 2011). Ethical Considerations This study will explain its importance to the organisation in question as a way of gaining acceptance. The researcher will seek permission from the relevant authorities before proceeding with the research. Respondents will volunteer information and the only information collected in relation to identity will be demographic collected used for specified exploration tenacities only. Here, staffs at RMRDC will receive requests for research and have seven days to respond. There will be no incentives used to obtain informatio n. The expectation of the research is that all participants will provide accurate information without coercion. The participants will only access their responses and will not find any opportunity to know what other participants will answer. This option seeks to safeguard the job interest of participants and prevent any victimisation by colleagues, supervisors, or directors at RMRDC. Contingency Plan I have earmarked two directors for the interview and two chief scientific officers as alternatives in case the directors are not available for the research. The intention here is to use 20 questionnaires. Nevertheless, the researcher will commence an inquiry with 30 questionnaires presented to the Council. Conclusion It is important to understand the performance appraisal from a particular organisation’s context so that other practitioners can have a credible example to relate. Using a positivist learning approach, this research will contribute significantly to the existing litera ture on factors affecting the realisation of performance appraisal objectives in public organisations. Other than the meeting of research objectives, the shortfalls of this research could arise because of a small sample size and failure of participants to provide accurate information. However, the study will rely on professional conduct of the research process to increase its validity. References Armstrong, M., Baron, A. (1998). Performance management: the new realities. London, UK: Institute of Personnel and Development. Bach, S. (2004). Employee participation and union voice in the National Health Service. Human Resource Management Journal, 14(2), 3-19. Barry, J. M. (1997). Performance management: A case study. Journal of Environmental Health, 60(4). Web. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2011). Business Research Methods (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. Beam, G. (2001). Quality public management: What it is and how it can be improved and advanced. Chicago, IL: Burnham Publishers. Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., Wart, M. R. (2012). Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes and problems (4th ed.). New York, NY: SAGE Publications. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2011). Business research methods (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Cash, J. (2010, May/June). Human resource management handbook. Harvard Business Review, 3. Chang, P.-C., Chen, S. J. (2011). Crossing the level of employee’s performance: HPWS, affective commitment, human capital, and employee job performance in professional service organizations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(4), 883-901. DeVries, D. L. (1983, August 26). Viewing performance appraisal with a wide-angle lens. Web. Dimba, B. A. (2010). Strategic human resource management practices: effect on performance. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 1(2), 128-137. Downs, Y., Swailes, S. (2013). A capability approach to organizational talent management. Human Res ource Development International, 16(3), 1-15. Esu, B. B. (2009). A case for performance management in the public sector in Nigeria. International Journal of Business Management, 4(4), 98-105. Farndale, E., Kelliher, C. (2013). Implementing performance appraisal: exploring the employee experience. Human Resource Management, 52(6), 878 – 897. Galliers, R. (1991). Choosing appropriate information systems research approaches: A revised taxonomy. In R. Galliers (Ed.), Information systems research: Issues, methods and practical guidelines (pp. 144–162). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Glaveli, N., Karassavidou, E. (2011). Exploring a possible route through which training affects organizational performance: the case of a Greek bank. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(14), 2892-2923. Harper, S., Vilkinas, T. (2005). Determining the impact of an organisation’s performance appraisal management system. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), 76-97 . Lawler, E. E. (1994). Performance appraisal management: the next generation. Compensation and Benefits Review, 26(3), 16 –19. Pollitt, C. Bouckaert, G. (2004). Public management reform: a comparative analysis. (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Rao, V. (2004). Performance management and appraisal systems. New Delhi, India: Response Books, a division of Sage Publications. Ristow, A. (1998). Transformational leadership and organisational effectiveness in the administration of cricket in South Africa, Rhodes University, Faculty of Commerce. MSc Thesis. Web. RMRDC. (2015). Raw Materials Research and Development Council. Web. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2003). Research methods for business students. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall. Sinclair, D., Zairi, M. (1995). Effective process management through performance measurement: Part III-an integrated model of total quality-based performance measurement. Business Process Management Journal, 1(3), 50-65. doi :10.1108/14637159510103220 Waldman, D. (2011) Performance in organisations: Determinants and appraisal. Glenview: Scott, Foresman and Company. Watkins, R. (2007). Designing for performance, PART 3: Design, develop, and improve. Perf. Improv., 46(4), 42-48. doi:10.1002/pfi.124 This proposal on Performance Appraisal as a Tool for Achieving Organizational and Employee Development was written and submitted by user Melody Gentry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Compare Education for Leisure by Carol Ann Duffy with Armitages Hitcher Essay Example

Compare Education for Leisure by Carol Ann Duffy with Armitages Hitcher Essay Example Compare Education for Leisure by Carol Ann Duffy with Armitages Hitcher Paper Compare Education for Leisure by Carol Ann Duffy with Armitages Hitcher Paper Essay Topic: Carol ann Duffy Poems Literature Brownings poems My Last Duchess and The Laboratory both deal with jealous killers. I will examine the characters in both of these poems and note the similarities and differences between them. Duffys Education for Leisure and Armitages Hitcher both have people who are driven to kill because of boredom. I will also look closely at both of these poems and compare them. This makes and assumption that Fra Pandolf compliments called that spot of joy. He is irritated about the fact the she is pleases with everything that She had a heart how shall I say? too soon made glad, too easily impressed. He disapproves of how she ranked everything equally, Sir twas all one! My favour at her breast, the dropping of daylight in the west, the bough of cherries some officious fool broke in the orchard for her, the white mule she rode with around the terrace. You could not distinguish if she was pleased with one thing more than another. He expects her to be more grateful with his gift rather than natures gifts. He has a strong dislike for the men who flirted with her, he refers to one of them as an officious fool He is particularly annoyed that she was equally impressed with his status as with any other gift. Somehow I know not how as if she ranked my gift of a nine-hundred-year-old name with anybodys gift. He expects her to appreciate his nine-hundred-year-old name, as to him it is a more valuable gift compared to any other. This also emphasises his pride by the mentioning of his nine-hundred-year-old family name. The poem does not directly say he killed her although it is implied the he ordered her to be killed when he says, Then all smiles stopped together. This creates a sense of realism and informs the reader that thee is another person present at the scene. In this poem the killer is planning on killing Pauline, her lovers mistress. She knows that they expect her to cry and rush to church to pray for their sins; instead she is in the laboratory planning her revenge. She says how she would much rather watch the poison being produces rather that go to dance. She refers to the gum as g old indicating that it is like a treasure to her. This portrays her strong desire to kill. She exclaims how wonderful it would be to carry pure death around with her, meaning that she is excited with the prospects of having the power to end someones life. She is thrilled with the idea of Paulines limbs falling off. She had hoped that here stare would make Pauline fall and die, Both poems are similar as there is an element of jealousy within the killers. The duke of Ferrara is jealous that his wife is more attentive to other men, and the woman in The Laboratory is jealous of her lovers mistress. Both of the characters in the poems are driven to kill because of their jealousy, it is because of their partners they are led to commit a murder. The duke is angry that his wife does not value his nine-hundred-year-old family name, and then jealous woman is enraged that her husband is with another woman. However, in My Last Duchess the predation of murder is not apparent. We cannot recognize if the duke was responsible for her death, This grew; I gave commands; then all smiles stopped together. This doesnt directly tell the reader that he killed her although it is an implication that he ordered her to be killed. The woman in The Laboratory is preparing Paulines death. She is contemplating the methods and how she is to achieve this. The duke is extremely critical and complaints about his duchess in most of the poem whereas in The Laboratory it is mostly about the jealous woman arranging the murder. In Duffys Education for Leisure the murderer was driven to kill out of boredom. The killer is obviously egocentric as he/she says, I am going to play God. God has the ability to give a take a life. This indicates his intention of murder. He wants to play god and take someones life. I breathe out talent. His ego is emphasised by the repletion of the pronoun I. He/she has no motive; he/she wants to kill something, anything. Today I am going to kill something. Anything. Who or what he/she is going to kill is not important to him/her. The significance to him/her of the murder is that he/she has the ability to change the world. This also links back to the fact that he/she wants to take Gods role. After killing the fly and the god fish he is still bored. He/she did mention that they merely wanted to kill something. There is nothing left to kill. I dial the radio and tell the man he is talking to a superstar This confirms that he kills out of boredom. There is nothing left for him/her to destroy so he/she calls the radio to keep occupied. He/she does not need to kill when he/she is occupied, this is reinforced when he gets cut off from the radio. He cuts me off. I our bread-knife and go out. The killer does not pause to think, he/she immediately reaches for the knife to keep occupied. Perhaps if he/she was not cut off from the radio he/she might not have taken the knife with the intention of killing someone. However the killer had such a short attention span so he/she would have inevitably gone out to kill just as soon as he/she got bored or restless. Both of these poems are similar as they both are voices from the first person. The killers in both of the poems appear to kill out of boredom. They just select their victims and once they have committed the murder they feel no remorse. Neither of them have any particular hate for the victims, to them it does not matter who they kill. They have their own ways of killing. The man in Hitcher beats the victim, Once with the head- then six times with the krooklok. The killer gives the victims an instant death. All four killers have the power to kill, this is what motivates them to do the murder. The first two killers in My Last Duchess and The Laboratory kill because of their jealousy, while the murderers in Education for Leisure and hither commit murder out of boredom.

The Common Application (Definition, Tips, and More)

The Common Application (Definition, Tips, and More) In the 2017-18 academic year, The Common Application is used for undergraduate admissions by nearly 700 colleges and universities. The Common Application is an electronic college application system that collects a wide range of information: personal data, educational data, standardized test scores, family information, academic honors, extracurricular activities, work experience, a personal essay, and criminal history. Financial aid information needs to be handled on the FAFSA. The Reasoning Behind the Common Application The Common Application had modest beginnings in the 1970s when a few colleges and universities decided to make the application process easier for applicants by allowing them to create one application, photocopy it, and then mail it to multiple schools. As the application process moved online, this basic idea of making the application process easier for students has remained. If you are applying to 10 schools, you will need to type in all of your personal information, test score data, family information, and even your application essay just once.   Other similar single-application options have emerged more recently, such as the Cappex Application and the Universal College Application, although these options are not as widely accepted yet.   The Reality of the Common Application The seeming ease of using one application to apply to multiple schools certainly sounds appealing if you are a college applicant. The reality, however, is that the Common Application isnt, in fact, common for all schools, especially the more selective member institutions. While, the Common Application will save you time entering all that personal information, test score data, and details of your extracurricular involvement, individual schools often want to get school-specific information from you. The Common Application has evolved to allow all member institutions to request supplemental essays and other materials from applicants. In the original ideal of the Common App, applicants would write just a single essay when applying to college. Today, if an applicant were to apply to all eight of the Ivy League schools, that student would need to write over thirty essays in addition to the common one in the main application. Moreover, applicants are now allowed to create more than one Comm on Application, so you can, in fact, send different applications to different schools. Like many businesses, the Common Application had to choose between its ideal of being common and its desire to be a widely used application. To achieve the latter, it had to bend to the whims of potential member colleges and universities, and this meant making the application customizable, an obvious move away from being common. What Types of Colleges Use the Common Application? Originally, only schools that evaluated applications holistically  were allowed to use the Common Application; that is, the original philosophy behind the Common Application was that students should be evaluated as whole individuals, not just as a collection of numerical data such as class rank, standardized test scores, and grades. Every member institution needed to take into consideration non-numerical information derived from things such as letters of recommendation,  an  application essay, and extracurricular activities. If a college based admission solely on GPA and test scores, they could not be a member of the Common Application. Today this is not the case. Here again, as the Common Application continues to try and grow its number of member institutions, it has abandoned those original ideals. More colleges and universities do not have holistic admissions than those that do (for the simple reason that a holistic admission process is much more labor intensive than a data-driven process). So in order to open the door to the majority of institutions in the country, the Common Application now allows schools that do not have holistic admissions to become members. This change quickly resulted in the membership of many public institutions that base admission  decisions largely on numerical criteria. Because the Common Application keeps shifting to be inclusive of a wide range of colleges and universities, the membership is quite diverse. It includes nearly all top colleges and top universities, but also some schools that are not selective at all. Both public and private institutions use the Common App, as do several historical black colleges and universities.    The Most Recent Common Application Starting in 2013 with CA4, the newest version of the Common Application, the paper version of the application has been phased out and all applications are now  submitted electronically through the Common Application website. The online application allows you to create different versions of the application for different schools, and the website will also keep track of the different application requirements for the different schools to which you are applying. The roll-out of the current version of the application was fraught with problems, but current applicants should have a relatively trouble-free application process. Many schools will ask for one or more  supplemental essays  to complement the essay you write on one of the seven personal essay options provided on the Common Application. Many colleges will also ask for a short answer essay on one of your extracurricular or work experiences. These supplements will be submitted through the Common Application website with the rest of your application. Issues Related to the Common Application The Common Application is most likely here to stay, and the benefits it provides applicants certainly outweigh the negatives. The application is, however, a bit of a challenge for many colleges. Because it is so easy to apply to multiple schools using the Common App, many colleges are finding that the number of applications they are receiving is going up, but the number of students they are matriculating is not. The Common Application makes it more challenging for colleges to predict the yield from their applicant pools, and as a result, many schools are forced to rely more heavily on waitlists. This uncertainly can come back to bite students who find themselves placed in waitlist limbo because colleges simply cant predict how many students will accept their offers of admission.

Gender discrimination and women's promotion in workplaces Research Paper

Gender discrimination and women's promotion in workplaces - Research Paper Example hrough participation in the civil rights movement and as advocates for the community based groups that grew up around that movement and President Johnson  War on Poverty. The ideas were an attempt to make sense out of the labor market problems as the people in these communities experienced them (or at least described their experiences) and to describe the labor market as these people saw it.  1. As Blau and Jusenius have pointed out, because structured internal labor markets treat workers as members of groups and tend to treat workers within these groups consistently, differentiation between women and men is likely to take the form of segregating women and men into different jobs, rather than paying them unequally for the same job.  17.  In general, in structured internal labor markets, all individuals in the same job are likely to be equally paid, except for performance or seniority differentials. This leaves open the reasons women and men are likely to be differentiated, but it does suggest that entry-level jobs are likely to be different for men and women and arranged in different job families so that segregation will be maintained throughout ones career in the firm. This is precisely what  Kelley  found. Beyond that, womens job ladders may be shorter, and other ways of maintaining differentiation in the firm may exist. For example, Osterman suggests that in a pu blishing firm he studied differential opportunity was maintained by keeping women in the lowest grade levels of various occupation groups.18.  Institutionally, that type of differentiation could be aided by placing women in job titles that differ from related jobs that men hold or possibly by locating them in different departments. Such observations suggest that the effects of internal labor markets differ for men and women, despite their emphasis on consistent rules. The rules of the game are neutral on their face but disparate in their impact. The rules may also differ in different parts of the

COMMUNITY RESILIENCE FOR DIAMOND HEAD SCENIC BYWAYS PROJECT Research Paper - 1

COMMUNITY RESILIENCE FOR DIAMOND HEAD SCENIC BYWAYS PROJECT - Research Paper Example However one would be interested in understanding community resilience through evaluating ‘Diamond head scenic byways project’ and this forms the theme of this paper. The scenic byway project under analysis is the Hawaii global image/symbol, which comprise of a historic shore line, crater parks, cultural scenes as well as historic roads which in broad defines and explains the cultural heritage of the communities of Hawaii. This icon has stood relevant over generations ever since Hawaiian Monarchy with much of relevance today is being accorded to the icon on its use. Besides, being used for recreational purposes, people converge at the icon for learning experiences. The intrinsic features of the ‘Diamond Head byways’ are together with historical, cultural, archaeological as well as historical. However, it is worth noting that the responsibility of preserving the icon rests with national government, the state designations and the public under charitable land trusts. How exactly could the communities living in Hawaii be seen on matters of resilience in association with the iconic feature of ‘Diamond head byways’? From the historical perspective of the communities, it is shown that the volcano served as a watchtower from where any approaching fleet of canoes would be spotted early enough and evaluated on whether it meant peace of otherwise through runners. In the event of a danger, message would be sent across the island and as such appropriate measures on security would be taken. This would therefore explain the strategic preparedness that the Hawaiian people stayed concerning external attacks especially by sea. The other feature illustrating the resilience of the people living within the area in ancient times was through use of fires at the peak to direct canoes in the sea without which the fishermen using such

Homonyms and antonyms Essay Example for Free

Homonyms and antonyms Essay â€Å"Words identical in form but quite different in their meaning and distribution are called homonyms† [1, 74]. â€Å"Homonym is a word that is spelt like another word (or pronounced like it) but which has a different meaning† [2, 464]. The term is derided from Greek â€Å"homonymous† (homos – â€Å"the same† and onoma – â€Å"name†) and thus expresses very well the sameness of name combined with the difference in meaning The traditional formal classification of homonyms is as follows: 1. Homonyms proper which are identical both in sound and spelling, e. g. ball (Ð ¼Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã' Ã'‡) ball (Ð ±Ã °Ã »), hail (Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ´) – hail (Ð ¾Ã ºÃ »Ã ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã'‚Ð ¸). 2. Partial homonyms are subdivided into: 1) Homographs which are identical in spelling but different in sound, e.g. bow/bou/(Ð »Ã'Æ'Ð º)-bow/bau/(Ð ½Ã'â€"Ã'  Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã »Ã' ), lead /led/ (Ã' Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ'†Ã'Å') – lead/li:d/ (Ð ²Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸). 2) Homophones which are identical in sound but different in spelling, e.g. key (Ð ºÃ »Ã'ŽÃ'‡) – quay (Ð ½Ã °Ã ±Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ¶Ã ½Ã °), sow (Ã' Ã'â€"Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸) – sew (Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸) [1, 74]. Homonyms may be classified by the type of their meaning. In this case one should distinguish between: 1. Lexical homonyms which belong to the same part of speech, e.g. plane n. (Ð »Ã'â€"Ã'‚Ð °Ã º) – plain n. (Ã'€Ã'â€"Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ½Ã °), light a. (Ã' Ã ²Ã'â€"Ã'‚Ð »Ã ¸Ã ¹) – light a. (Ð »Ã µÃ ³Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹). 2. Grammatical homonyms which belong to different parts of speech, e.g. row v. (Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã'‚Ð ¸) – row n.(Ã'€Ã' Ã ´), weather n. (Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã °) – whe ther conj. (Ã'‡Ð ¸). 3. Homoforms which are identical only in some paradigm constituents, e.g. scent n. – sent (Past Ind. and Past Part. of send), seize v. – sees (Pr.Ind., 3d p.sing. of see) [1, 74]. Professor A.I. Smirnitsky classified homonyms into two large classes: 1)Full homonyms are words, which represent the same category of parts of speech and have the same paradigm, e.g. wren n. (a member of the Women’s Royal Naval Service) – wren n. (a bird). 2)Partial homonyms are subdivided into three subgroups: a) Simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words, which belong to the same category of parts of speech. Their paradigms have only one identical form, but it is never the same form, e.g. (to) found v. found v. (past indef., past part. of to find), (to) lay .v lay .v (past indef. of to lie). b) Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words of different categories of parts of speech, which have identical form in their paradigms, e.g. rose n. rose v. (past indef. of to rise), maid n made v (past indef., past part. of to make). c) Partial lexical homonyms are words of the same category of parts of speech which are identical only in their correspondi ng forms, e.g. to lie (lay, lain) v. to lie (lied, lied) v., to hang (hung, hung) v. to hang (hanged, hanged) v [1,74]. Examples: 1) â€Å"It’s made out of wood. The skaters would normally perform their stunts and tricks there,† May explains (5, 12). 2) â€Å"A half – pipe can be dangerous. Skateboarders wear protective gear,† May points out. â€Å"Staying safe is important,† Buzz agrees. â€Å"Now where is my notebook?†(5, 13). 3) â€Å"Good luck!† Buzz tells May. â€Å"Go take the lead in this competition!† â€Å"I feel nervous†, May says. â€Å"My legs feel as if they are made of lead† (5, 24). 4) â€Å"May I sail with you in May?† (9, 31). 5) Mouse: Deer, I’m very glad to have such dear friends (6, 12). 6) But he’s unable to see that Oscar prefer his presence to his presents once in a while†¦(11). 7) â€Å"It’s my birthday present to him.† â€Å"I can fill in,† Ollie says. â€Å"I’d be happy to present the Big Air Jam, with Buzz† (5, 18). 8) â€Å"Dad, buy me a ball!† â€Å"Bye, Osc, I’m in a hurry,† answered Mark and hung on (11, 135). 9) â€Å"What a nice scent, Nicky! Hilary Duff â€Å"With love?† asked Ally. â€Å"Ughmn. My father sent it to me last Christmas,† said Nicky climbing the ladder (11, 66). (10)â€Å"I’d like to go to the sea. I think it’s amazing to see the autumn sunset,† said Carolyn a bit enigmatically (12, 45). Antonyms â€Å"Words that have directly opposite meanings are called antonyms† [1, 73]. â€Å"Antonym is a word with a meaning that is opposite to the meaning of another word† [3, 58]. Antonyms fall into two main groups: 1. Root antonyms (those which are different root), e.g. long – short, up – down, to start – to finish, etc. 2. Affixal antonyms (in which special affixes or their absence express semantic opposition), e.g. hopeful – hopeless, happy – unhappy, appear – disappear, etc. [1, 73]. Polysemantic words usually have antonyms for each of their lexico-semantic variants: a dull knife – a sharp knife, a dull boy – a bright boy, etc. Examples: 1) â€Å"Flash Wiggins makes scoring look easy,† Harold tells Cassy. â€Å"But beating the goalie is difficult† (8, 210). 2) â€Å"Krupp and Smythe worked together to even the score,† Harold adds. â€Å"Nothing can tear them apart!† (8, 77). 3) â€Å"You can help me make this rough ice smooth again!† says the driver (8, 93). 4) Father Bear â€Å"I’m Father Bear, and I sit in this great big chair.† Baby Bear â€Å"I’m Baby Bear and I sit in that little chair† (10, 23). 5) â€Å"Ah, but sometimes it is more courageous to do the right thing, than rebel and do the wrong thing, you know,† she said softly, meeting my eye (11, 119). 6) He blushed and suddenly paled from nerves at the situation he was in (11, 25). 7) â€Å"Oh, no, Nicky!! For you it’s hard, but for me†¦it’s very easy. I have known him for ages† (11, 81). 8) â€Å"And then we couldn’t sleep in the spacious room after being promised. But I suppose, it will be better to sleep in narrow rooms† (4, 211). 9) Anne had a young, brighter face and more delicate features than the others; Marilla saw at her and felt herself old enough to change her life (4, 267). 10) â€Å"I can; and A-n-n looks dreadful, but A – n – n e looks so much more distinguished, but call me Cordelia! It looks wonderful!† (4, 43). List of literature 1. КÐ ²Ã µÃ' Ã µÃ »Ã µÃ ²Ã ¸Ã'‡ Д.І., Ð ¡Ã °Ã' Ã'â€"Ð ½Ã ° Ð’.П. ПÃ'€Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð ¼ Ð · Ð »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'â€"Ã'â€" Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã'â€" Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã'â€"Ð ¹Ã' Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'â€" Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¸: Ð Ã °Ã ²Ã'‡. ПÐ ¾Ã' Ã'â€"Ð ±Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º. – Ð’Ã'â€"Ð ½Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã' : Ð’Ð ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ã Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ° Ð ºÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ³Ã °Ã‚ », 2001. – 117 Ã' . 2. Agnes M. Webster’s New World College Dictionary / M. Agnes, D. B.Guralnik. – Cleveland : IDG Books Worldwide Ink., 2000. – 1716 p. 3. Oxford Paperback Thesaurus / Maurice Waite. – Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. – 930 p. 4. Л.ÐÅ". ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ã'â€", Ð Ã ½Ã ½Ã ° Ð · ГÃ'€Ã'â€"Ð ½ ГÐ µÃ ¹Ã ±Ã »Ã ·: КÐ ½Ã ¸Ã ³Ã ° Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'  Ð °Ã ½Ã ³ Ð »Ã'â€"Ð ¹Ã' Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'Ž Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'Ž Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'â€"Ð ² Ã'„Ð °Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚Ã'â€"Ð ² Ã'â€"Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ·Ã µÃ ¼Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'… Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ² Ã'â€" Ã'„Ã'â€"Ð »Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'â€"Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'… Ã'„Ð °Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚Ã'â€"Ð ²/Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ºÃ ° Ã'‚Ð µÃ ºÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Æ', Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'  Ð ²Ã ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ², Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'â€"Ð ² Ã'â€" Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ´Ã °Ã ½Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'â€"Ð ´Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã'â€" Ð ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ã'â€"Ð °Ã »Ã ¸ Ã'â€" Ã'„Ã'â€"Ð »Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'â€"Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð °Ã'€ Ð’.Ð’. ЄÐ ²Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ºÃ ¾, Ð ¡.І. Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ºÃ ¾. – Ð’Ã'â€"Ð ½Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã' : Ð Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ° КÐ ½Ã ¸Ã ³Ã °, 2008. – 440 Ã' . 5. Anna Prokos. Half-Pipe Homonyms / Prokos Anna. – Gareth Stevens, 2009. – 27 p. 6. Any Talbot. Deer and His De ar Friends: a tale from India / Talbot Any. – Benchmark Education Company, 2006. – 16 p. 7. Catherine Alliot. The Real Thing / Alliot Catherine. – Headline Book Publishing, 1996. – 471 p. 8. Claudia Pattison. Wow! / Pattison Claudia. – Pan Books, 2001. – 374 p. 9. Judy Goodard. Fun with homonyms / Goodard Judy. – Industry Way Westminster, 2005. – 43 p. 10. Karma Wilson. Bear stays up for Christmas / Wilson Karma. – Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2011. – 40 p. 11. Melissa Nathan. Learning Curve / Nathan Melissa. – Arrow Books, 2006. – 549 p. 12. Robert Waller. The Bridges of Madison County / Waller Robert. – Great Britain: Mandarin Paperbacks, 1995. – 171 p.

Isolation in Bartleby :: essays research papers

Roles of the Sexes The submissive role of the female in a marriage or relationship is a common problem in many societies, including our own American society. This role has become so common that in fact it is now expected of the female. This male dominance goes as far back as the human race, to the beginning of relationships and marriage between the female and the male. Then, the physical prowess of the male led to his dominance in all situations and thus formed these roles. Even presently, with all our advances in equal rights and women’s’ advances in the work fields, this role of submission and passivity is still present among our society. Why do women accept this role? Why hasn’t it banished with the right to vote and her expansion into the male-dominated workplace? These roles are inbred into our society. The men are raised to lead and take charge. Women, on the other hand, are taught that their place is to keep peace, and in most scenarios that means conform ing. There are many reasons women accept or allow this role. For many women, they find safety in allowing the male to dominate the relationship. The submissive role is familiar or so expected that the women fear changing the situation. Many authors illustrate this role of the sexes and portray some reasons and situations that are common in our society, such as Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, in her story â€Å"The Hand†, and James Joyce, in â€Å"Eveline†. These two authors both, even though each describes a woman in a very different, yet remarkably similar, situation, discuss one of the major reasons women succumb to males. Colette was a significant feminist in the early 1900’s when the women’s right movement was in full swing. She fought for equal opportunities for women and proved it was possible when she was the first woman to be admitted to the Goncourt Academy. As a novelist, she used her writing to illustrate the assumed roles society has developed. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature remarks, â€Å"Her professional life and three marriages helped to shape her keen insights into modern love and women’s lives.† (Compact Bedford, 196). Colette understood the expected submission role because she had lived the role of the wife several times. Also, as one of the few women in the workplace, she was subjected to even more male supremacy. She could write about the reasons why women comply because she understood and had been a victim herself.

Dr. Phil: A Disturbing Episode on Sexual Abuse Essay

Recently, an episode of Dr. Phil aired which addressed the issue of sexual molestation. It was different from other shows about molestation, in that they normally address the sexual abuse being perpetrated by a stranger, parent, or extended family member. In this case the perpetrator was the oldest of five children, Mikai, 19. Brad and Kenda are married and have five children; four boys, Mikai being the oldest, and one girl, the youngest. Both parents work and take care of the children. Brad and Kenda came to Dr. Phil with worries about their son being a sexual predator. There have been many accusations from different aged girls over the past several years that had led them to this conclusion. Most of all, they were worried that Mikai has been molesting their daughter. When they first became suspicious of Mikai’s relationship with his sister, they set up a â€Å"two brother rule† under which no one brother could be alone with the little girl at any time. When they first became aware of the inappropriate sexual behavior between Mikai and these girls, they began monitoring his internet access to prevent him from harassing more potential victims. Later on in the show, with the knowledge that Mikai is a pathological liar, he was given a polygraph test. The results showed that he was engaging in the sexual assault of his sister, as well as other girls. Both of his parents had a look of disgust on their faces upon receiving these results. Mikai still tried to deny these accusations even though the polygraph test was administered by a world renowned expert. Dr. Phil told Mikai that he needed to own what he has done and be accountable for it. Mikai responded by admitting that he had sexually molested his sister once Later, when Dr. Phil asked Mikai a question, Brad said â€Å"You better talk to him because you’re dead to us† which led to Mikai crying. Kenda expressed that although she was both hurt and angry, she didn’t love Mikai any less. The decision was made by the parents and Mikai in agreement with Dr. Phil that Mikai would need a lot of help and rehabilitation. Both of the parents agreed with Dr. Phil that Mikai would not be allowed to live at their house anymore and would have absolutely no access to the li ttle girl. Dr. Phil said that although he was willing to help Mikai, the protection of the little girl was his number one priority. The only activity that the family was shown doing together was going on Dr. Phil, and even then the little girl was not present, in order to conceal her identity. Though this show did not support the authors’ of Millennial Rising idea that child abuse is on the decline, the abuse was not carried out by either parent, but the oldest brother instead. The show definitely disproved the authors’ idea that millennials have more supervision than earlier generations. It seemed that although the parents cared, neither one of them quit their job to ensure the safety of the little girl. Instead, the four boys watched her and had little to no control over situations between the oldest brother and the sister. Because there was hardly any interaction between the parents and the children shown, none of the kids’ attitudes towards the parents could be established. In conclusion, I do not believe that Mikai, nor any sex offender can ever be rehabilitated. I think that he will always be a threat to society and should be kept away from women and children for the rest of his life. He will always have the impulse to sexually assault someone and the chances of him being able to overcome that impulse every time he has it is almost nonexistent. I do not feel any sympathy for Mikai. However, I feel a lot of sadness for the rest of the family, especially the little girl. They have a long road of recovery still left to travel.

Westward Expansion

Nichole Galindez AMH 2010 American History 31 October 2012 Nichole Galindez AMH 2010 American History 31 October 2012 Westward Expansion of the United States To what extent is it accurate to claim that the ideal of manifest destiny was a motivating factor in the western expansions of the United States? The 1840s was a time of great territorial expansion during which the United States fought to annex Texas, acquire the Oregon territory, and conquer California and New Mexico from Mexico.As the people sought reasoning behind their territorial ambitions, a belief known as Manifest Destiny sprouted from their feeling of nationality as they came to believe that America was destined to expand past the current borders. Manifest Destiny was also a term used by Democrats to promote and persuade people to support the territorial expansions that the United States was undergoing at the time.Although manifest destiny was a huge motivating factor in the western expansion of the United States, other factors such as the rising population, expansion of slavery and freedom-seeking slaves, the gold rush of California, and new opportunities sought by settlers. The rising population helped push Americans towards expanding westward. The early 1800s was a time when the United States was experiencing a rapid growth in population. The U. S. population grew from more than five million in 1800 to more than 23 million by mid-century. During that time, there the U. S had been experiencing a periodic high birth rate.The growth on the sizes of families only added pressure to expand their land and gather more resources to survive. Immigration also added to the explosive population growth in the United States. Over 7. 5 million immigrants migrated to the United States. Many immigrants fled their countries in order to escape from poverty and famine. The Gold rush also caused a great influx of immigrants as they hoped to acquire some of the wealth found in the United States. Since agriculture pro vided the primary economic structure, many incoming immigrants would scout for farmable land.However most of the fertile land east of the Appalachian Mts. had already been taken. This pushed immigrants to scout west to look for better land. Nearly 4,000,000 Americans moved to western territories between 1820 and 1850. The Gold Rush of California attracted all kinds of attention from money-hungry miners to hopeful farmers. The first discovery of gold in California in 1849 influenced many settlers and immigrants to flock westward in the hope of gaining wealth. As news spread of the discovery, thousands of gold miners traveled by sea or over land to San Francisco and the surrounding area.The Gold Rush attracted more than just the American people but it also helped the influx of immigrants. Thousands of Chinese migrated to the U. S after hearing about the opportunity to mine for wealth. This caused the non-native population of the California territory to reach 100,000. Many of the thous ands of settlers never found gold but helped to promote west expansion. New opportunities were another factor that helped to motivate westward expansion. As the increasing population put pressure on settlers, many of them headed west in hopes of acquiring cheap, fertile land to grow more food to feed their families.Since the government offered most of the land cheap, or in some cases free, many didn’t hesitate to move. Government passed things like the Homestead Act to encourage settlers to settle west. Others sought the chance at a new life. They wanted to increase their political power or standing by owning more land. In their eyes, land ownership was tied to wealth, political power, self-sufficiency, and independent â€Å"self rule. † New technologies also had an impact on westward expansion. New technological innovations helped to influence the economy by enhancing trade and commerce.This proved wrong the belief that, like previous empires, the United States would get weaker with expansion. By the 1840s, steamboats made use of America’s waterways and turned them into busy commercial thoroughfares. Their popularity grew as they continued to increase trade between towns and cities. Railroads were another innovation that helped to fuel trade. They integrated eastern markets with the towns on the western slope of the Appalachians. Robert Fulton’s invention of the canal and the invention of the telegraph were two other great examples of the technologies that helped to enhance westward expansion.The last factor that also affected westward expansion was the desire to expand slavery and slaves desire Politicians, editors, soldiers, and citizens, wanted new terrirory for various reasons. In the case of Texas, the Tyler administration sought to prevent the abolition of slavery there, control a potential rival in cotton production, provide a haven for masters and their slaves, thwart Great Britain from keeping Texas independent, and comply with the wishes of most Texians to join the United States.In the Oregon dispute, Democrats hoped to dominate Asian commerce, provide land for future pioneers, and safeguard citizens already settled there. The war with Mexico and the strategy of conquest revealed a desire to secure a border at the Rio Grande, satisfy claims against Mexico, and acquire California to monopolize trade with Asia. Democrats wanted to supply abundant land to the nation's poor and to future immigrants. To attain this laudable goal, however, they relied on bribery, bullying, and warfare to wrest land from Native Americans and Mexicans.Often idealistic, they were also racist and materialistic. Yet anti-slavery activists and Democrats, whose belief in federal power was threatened by the South, were opposed to any expansionist move that would add new slave-holding states to the Union and thereby upset the fragile balance of power between North and South. After the Mexican-American War ended in 1848, disagreeme nts over the expansion of slavery made further territorial annexation too divisive to be official government policy. Many Northerners were increasingly opposed to hat they believed to be efforts by Southern slave owners—and their friends in the North—to expand slavery at any cost. The proposal during the war of the Wilmot Proviso (a statement declaring that slavery would not be permitted in any new territory acquired by the U. S. ), and the emergence of various â€Å"Slave Power† conspiracy theories thereafter, indicated the degree to which Manifest Destiny had become controversial. The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers.This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a â€Å"slave power conspiracy†. It declared that all runaway slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters. Abolitionists nicknamed it the â€Å"Bloodhound Law† for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves. [1] http://www. pbs. org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/md_expansionism. html http://solpass. org/6ss/games/westwardcloze. htm http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Manifest_Destiny Westward Expansion The westward expansion, which started in the 1820s, was one of the biggest steps forward our country has ever taken. It nearly tripled the size of our country and increased the population by monstrous amounts. It also improved the economy greatly though agricultural means, prompted political leaders to sent people to explore (Lewis and Clark), started a civil war, motivated huge amounts of people to move west, and almost destroyed our country.The expansion was magnified greatly by the Louisiana Purchase, when President Jefferson bought a large area of land west of the Mississippi river from Spain, the purchase added large amounts of futile, unsettled land to the United States. This purchase was made possible by the exuberant democratic belief in the Manifest Destiny. The Manifest Destiny was a belief that Americans were meant to explore the western territories and settle the entire continent this, was strongly believed by most democrats and was a large political controversy.This, as well as making the Louisiana Purchase possible, made it so that President Polk could start the Mexican War. The Mexican War was a war between America and Mexico during which the U. S. acquired large amounts of land formerly owned by Mexico. The war started in 1846 and ended in 1848. The war was prompted by the Mexicans invading the U. S. annex of Texas which even after the Texas Revolution in 1836 Mexico claimed as theirs. The war ended informally in the fall of 1847 when an American army captured Mexico City and formally in 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.Lewis and Clark also made a significant impact on the westward expansion by exploring enormous amounts of land, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. They were sent out by President Jefferson to find a water route across North America and, with the help of an Indian named Sacajawea, they tried to do exactly that and although they couldn’t find any all water routes they did make many significant discoveries. A few of the discoveries Lewis and Clark made were pricelessly valuable to civilization.For example they discovered at least 70 different Native American tribes and discovered and documented 200 new plant/animal species that were completely unknown to science. The list of different kinds of people who went west is enormous. There were slaves and other low-class people looking for a fresh start, upper/ middle-class plantation owners and farmers looking to expand, explorers and adventurers looking for excitement in wild/unexplored lands, and many, many others. Even though these people were different in many ways they all wanted a fresh start.Now not all of them got what they were hoping for but a great deal did in the end although this brought up the issue of slavery. The westward expansion brought up the issue of slavery. The previous laws allowed for slavery below the 36 °30’ parallel but now it had to be decided whether or not slavery was going to be allowed in the new states/colonies/settlements. This as you can imagine caused major political differences. It was finally decided that the colonies would decide for themselves by voting.This caused many people to move so that they could vote in favor of their opinion. But this than caused South Carolina to secede from the union and prompted the civil war but I’ll get into that in another paper. http://www. nationalgeographic. com/lewisandclark  © 1996- National Geographic Society. http://www. history. com/topics/westward-expansion  © 1996-2013, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Carroll, Anne W. Christ and the Americas. New York: TAN Books and Publishers, Inc. , 1997 Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2011. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Main_Page

Business Strategy must drive I essays

Business Strategy must drive I essays Business Strategy must drive IS strategy and not the other way around in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Introduction to Business Computing Course (INF400F) The statement that business strategy must drive IS strategy and not the other way around is supported by a substantial body of theoretical research within the academic field of Information Systems. This is turn, is supported strongly by evidence derived from close study of the implications and results of Information Systems decisions that have been carried out in practice in this rapidly evolving field of management within the international business environment. By strategic alignment of a companys IS strategy with its overall business strategy, the potential of its core competencies can be maximised, its primary sources of competitive advantage can be focused on, and the chances that its profit targets will be met, can be significantly increased. Pearlson and Saunders define a business strategy as, a well articulated vision of where a business seeks to go and how it seeks to get there (p. 21, 2004.) With this definition in mind, a business strategy can be seen as the manner in which a business has chosen to define its goals and strategically position itself in response to market forces. A thorough understanding of market forces, such as customer demand and the position of all relevant market competitors, serves to stimulate the creation of an innovative business strategy from which a company can create competitive advantage (Pearlson and Saunders, 2004.) The field of Information Systems presents modern businesses with a plethora of rapidly developing and ever expanding opportunities with which to maximise their efficiency and increase the value of their business processes. Because the field is highly technical, however, and because it does indeed develop so fast, it is essential that Information System decisions do come out ...

Hullo! What a useful invention - Emphasis

Hullo! What a useful invention Hullo! What a useful invention When you consider the concept of inventions, anything from the wheel to the iPod might spring to mind. Youre probably less likely to think of a word; particularly not one you may take so completely for granted as the word of greeting, hello. Yet it is believed to be just that the invention of Thomas Edison. He is credited with advocating hello as the best way of answering the telephone, from where it gradually moved into the general use it has today. It may be more accurate to say, he adapted and perfected a pre-existing invention (much as he did with the electric light bulb). Before Edisons influence, you might have exclaimed hullo! in surprise, hailed a ferryman with a resounding hollo, or even led a hunting party to their quarry by crying halloo (if you were in the habit of doing these things). Of course, words frequently enter the language through utter invention. Shakespeare coined an incredible 2000 or so new words, including jaded, bedroom and obscene; plus numerous phrases we now take for granted, such as vanish into thin air, flesh and blood and to be cruel to be kind. Edisons choice of answering utterance was based on its clarity and for that sentiment we naturally approve. And thats not the only call for us to owe him a debt of gratitude. Had it been left to Alexander Graham Bell, our typical salutation could well be ahoy.